Soybean side effects: Kidney stone risks, digestive issues, hormonal imbalance, and more

Soybeans are a popular plant-based protein source, especially among vegetarians and health-conscious individuals. They are rich in protein, fibre, vitamins, minerals, and compounds like isoflavones, which contribute to benefits such as improved heart health, reduced cholesterol, and stronger bones. Despite these advantages, consuming soy in excess can have drawbacks. Overindulgence may lead to digestive discomfort, hormonal imbalances, and nutrient absorption issues, as well as potential interactions with certain medications. To enjoy the health benefits of soy while minimising risks, moderation is essential. Including soy as part of a balanced diet ensures you gain its nutritional value without adverse side effects.According to a study published in Frontiers in Nutrition , soy offers potential health benefits such as lowering cholesterol and easing menopausal symptoms, but its effects on hormones, cancer risk, and other conditions remain complex and sometimes conflicting. The review provides evidence-based guidance to help health professionals make informed recommendations on safe soy consumption.1. Hormonal imbalance and thyroid disruptionSoy is rich in phytoestrogens (plant-derived compounds similar to oestrogen), which may affect hormone balance if consumed in large amounts. Excessive soy intake can potentially influence reproductive hormones and, in some cases, lower testosterone levels in men.Soy isoflavones can also interfere with thyroid function by reducing the activity of thyroid-peroxidase, an enzyme essential for thyroid hormone production. People with hypothyroidism or low iodine intake should be particularly cautious. If you are on thyroid medication, consult your doctor before increasing soy consumption.2. Digestive issues and bloatingSoy contains a significant amount of fibre, which generally aids digestion. However, eating too much fibre at once can backfire, leading to bloating, gas, abdominal cramps, or diarrhoea. Additionally, soybeans contain compounds called oligosaccharides that can cause flatulence during digestion. Individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or other digestive concerns should consume soy in moderation and gradually increase their intake to allow the gut to adjust.3. Nutrient absorption problemsSoy is high in phytic acid, an anti-nutrient that binds to minerals like iron, zinc, and calcium, reducing their absorption in the body. Over time, excessive soy intake may contribute to mineral deficiencies, especially in people who rely heavily on plant-based diets without proper planning. Fermented soy products such as tempeh or miso have lower phytic acid levels and are a better option for frequent consumption.4. Allergic reactionsSoy is one of the top food allergens worldwide. Allergic reactions can range from mild symptoms like itching, hives, and swelling to severe conditions such as difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis in rare cases. If you have a known soy allergy or a history of food allergies, avoid soy or consult a healthcare professional before adding it to your diet.5. Possible effects on male fertilityAlthough research is mixed, some studies suggest that high intake of soy isoflavones could slightly reduce testosterone levels and sperm quality in men. While moderate consumption is unlikely to cause harm, men concerned about fertility should avoid excessive soy consumption and opt for variety in protein sources.6. Blood sugar fluctuationsSoy products, especially those processed or flavoured, may contain added sugars that affect blood glucose levels. People with diabetes or insulin resistance should check labels carefully and stick to whole soy products like edamame, tofu, or unsweetened soy milk. Balancing soy intake with protein, healthy fats, and fibre can help stabilise blood sugar.7. Interactions with medicationsSoy can interact with certain medications, particularly thyroid drugs and hormone therapies. Isoflavones in soy may interfere with oestrogen-based treatments and affect the absorption of thyroid medication. Always consult your doctor before increasing soy intake if you are on prescription medicines.8. Kidney stones and oxalate riskSoy contains oxalates, compounds that may contribute to kidney stone formation in susceptible individuals. A study in Topics in Clinical Nutrition found that eating soybeans and soy products like tofu, soy drinks, and soynuts increased urinary oxalate levels, which can raise the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. People with a history of stones or digestive issues should be cautious with frequent soy consumption.9. Potential for weight gainWhile soy is lower in calories than many animal protein sources, eating large amounts, especially processed soy products like soy protein bars, powders, or snacks, can add extra calories and lead to gradual weight gain. Whole soy foods such as tofu or edamame are better choices when consumed in moderation.10. Impact on children and infantsSoy-based infant formula contains isoflavones, which mimic oestrogen and may affect hormonal development. While considered safe in most cases, prolonged use should only be done under paediatric guidance. Similarly, introducing soy to young children should be done gradually and in moderation.To enjoy the health benefits of soy without the side effects, follow these guidelines:By practising moderation, choosing less processed soy products, and considering your individual health needs, you can enjoy the advantages of soy while minimising potential risks.Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health routine or treatment.Also read | Maple Syrup vs. Honey: Which is the better sweetener for diabetes management